• The relatively high concentration of HT used

  2024-11-22

  

  The relatively high concentration of 5-HT used in this study (100 µM) is consistent with the concentrations used in other published ex vivo studies (Ropert and Guy, 1991, Passani et al., 1994, Shen and Andrade, 1998). In our paradigm 5-HT was focally applied at the surface of the slice via a fast pe

• br Acknowledgements br Introduction Resistant hypertension R

  2024-11-22

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Resistant hypertension (RH), is defined as blood pressure (BP) > 140/90 mm Hg despite three full doses antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic. Controlled hypertensive patients taking four growth hormone secretagogue receptor or more of antihypertensives are

• NOXA a member of the pro apoptotic B cell

  2024-11-22

  

  NOXA, a member of the pro-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family, plays a vital role in regulating mitochondrial or inherent apoptotic pathways [7,8]. NOXA binds to MCL-1 with high affinity and interacts with A1 (known as BCL2A1), resulting in BIM release to trigger subsequent apoptosis [9]. In

• IGF is an anabolic growth factor

  2024-11-22

  

  IGF1 is an anabolic growth factor that induces hypertrophy and blocks atrophy in skeletal muscle by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (Egerman and Glass, 2014). In addition to its anabolic and anti-catabolic effects, IGF1 stimulates fatty 2'-O-Methyl-ATP (FA) uptake and glucose metabolism (Clemm

• br Breast cancer The interactions between

  2024-11-22

  

  Breast cancer The interactions between 15-LOX and COX enzymes also affect the outcome of breast cancer. Indomethacin, a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor, decreased the growth of human breast cancer (BC) cells in nude mice, as well as slowed the rate of lung metastasis formation [41]. The levels of 12-HE

• The enzyme Arginase ARG plays a role

  2024-11-22

  

  The enzyme Arginase 1 (ARG1) plays a role in the hepatic urea cycle by hydrolyzing L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea [13]. In the context of macrophages and MDSCs, ARG1 expression redirects L-arginine metabolism to abolish cytotoxic nitric oxide production [14], suppress T-cell function [15], [16],

• Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from mtDNA abnormalities

  2024-11-22

  

  Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from mtDNA abnormalities may trigger retrograde signaling pathways from the mitochondrion to the nucleus, which regulate the expression of genes involved in diverse cellular processes, including metabolism, stress responses, tumor progression, nutrient sensing, li

• br Drugs with documented pro apoptotic effects on platelets

  2024-11-22

  

  Drugs with documented pro-apoptotic effects on platelets More than 200 drugs are reported to cause thrombocytopenia [5,42]. The concept of platelet apoptosis is relatively new and was only recently evaluated in the context of drug-induced thrombocytopenia [43]. Table 2 lists the drugs presently k

• It has been demonstrated that the hallmarks

  2024-11-21

  

  It has been demonstrated that the hallmarks of pulmonary fibrosis are a loss of endothelial function and subsequent activation of the immune system, which is considered as a direct outcome affected by intracellular pro-inflammatory responses [26]. Thus, inhibition of early inflammation could be an i

• The first evidence in supporting the hypothesis that

  2024-11-21

  

  The first evidence in supporting the hypothesis that MAS receptors mediate the effects elicited by AT1 antagonists was provided by Iwai et al. (2012). The authors found that AT1 receptors triggers neointima formation after polyethylene-cuff placement around mouse femoral artery by reducing local ACE

• While there is structural information on the core of

  2024-11-21

  

  While there is structural information on the core of the amyloid fibril, less is known about oligomer structure. There is evidence that the C-terminal of Aβ may form beta barrels in some oligomer species (Tay et al., 2013, Do et al., 2016), or may exist as loosely aggregated strands in other oligome

• Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDARs activates intracel

  2024-11-21

  

  Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDARs activates intracellular signaling cascades including Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and calcineurin. The spatiotemporal abundance of this Ca2+/CaM complex determines the direction of synaptic plasticity, resulting in LTP (Malinow

• br Neurological development and BCAAs Glutamate is an import

  2024-11-21

  

  Neurological development and BCAAs Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and BCAAs (especially leucine) function to synthesize glutamate in astrocytes around neurons, since leucine enters the brain from the blood more rapidly than other AR-42 HDAC and provides ∼25%

• br Conclusions and future directions Translation of the ther

  2024-11-21

  

  Conclusions and future directions Translation of the therapy to human MG will require a substitute adjuvant for IFA. Most human vaccines use aluminum salts (alum) as adjuvants. Both IFA and alum selectively promote antibody dominated Th 2 immune responses, rather than T killer cell dominated Th 1

• Several approved and or experimental drugs together

  2024-11-20

  

  Several approved and/or experimental drugs, together with natural compounds, have been reported to induce autophagy in different cancer types [70], [71], [72] (Table 1). In the next paragraphs, we will review more in detail a group of these agents selected in relation to their promising future outco

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